Punch Down tool

A punch down tool, also called a punchdown tool or a Krone tool (after wiring systems manufacturer ADC Krone), is a small screw-driver sized tool used for connecting wiring to a punch down block[1]. The tool consists of a handle with a spring mechanism inside and at the tip a small square piece of metal with a square hole in it. To use the punch down tool, a wire is inserted in between the two metal blades on a punch down block and the punch down tool is pressed down on top of the wire and the two blades on the punch down block. This requires a bit of pressure until with an audible snap the wire is stripped and contact made as it is pushed down between the two punch down block blades.

Patch Panel images

A patch panel or patch bay is a panel, typically rackmounted, that houses cable connections. One typically shorter patch cable will plug into the front side, while the back will hold the connection of a much longer and more permanent cable. The assembly of hardware is arranged so that a number of circuits, usually of the same or similar type, appear on jacks for monitoring, interconnecting, and testing circuits in a convenient, flexible manner.
Patch panels offer the convenience of allowing technicians to quickly change the path of select signals, without the expense of dedicated switching equipment. This was first used by early telephone exchanges, where the telephone switchboard (a massive array of patch panels) and a large room full of telephone operators running it was ubiquitous.

RJ 11

RJ11 is a physical interface often used for terminating telephone wires. It is probably the most familiar of the registered jacks, being used for single line POTS telephone jacks in most homes and offices in North America and many other countries.

Coaxial adapter N male

Coaxial Adapter N male/BNC male

Coaxial adapter BNC male/male

RJ45 images

Rj45 Clipping Clipping tool

Y-Con RJ45 Series

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RJ45 inside view

FrontView

SideView

The Difference of CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA

CSMA/CD - Ethernet (wired) networks Carrier Sensing Multiple Access / Collidision Detection, this is the full acronym of the well-known medium accessprotocol that made Ethernet based LAN'S so spread and efficient. While CSMA/CA - 802.11 Wireless LAN Collision Detection cannot be used for wireless environments for 3 main reasons:- Wireless communications are in half-duplex. If we had an antenna to listen and another to transmit we should be able to detect a collision while we transmit. This time the medium is the air and the power of the transmitting antenna willconfuse the receiving one thus making detection almost impossible.

CSMA/CD vs CSMA/CA
CSMA/CD is used on Ethernet networks (or similar). We can detect any collisions because all the receivers are on the same wire as the transmitters.
CSMA/CA cannot do this as the receivers may suffer a collision due to the hidden terminal problem.
CSMA/CD senses the medium and then immediately transmits. If it detects a collision, it backs off for a random period.
CSMA/CA senses the medium, then waits a random number of slots, then senses again. This avoids the problem of all stations waiting until the medium is free, and then immediately all transmitting (i.e. colliding).
CSMA/CA therefore introduces slight delays, because of this extra random wait time.
We can detect collisions on both by means of listening CSMA/CD, and by the lack of an ACK in CSMA/CA.

Difference of Client and Server

A Servers are often dedicated, meaning that they perform no other tasks besides their server tasks. A computer or device on a network that manages network resources. Typically, a client is an application that runs on a personal computer or workstation and relies on a server to perform some operations.


Characteristics of a client
Request sender is known as client
Initiates requests
Waits for and receives replies.
Usually connects to a small number of servers at one time
Typically interacts directly with end-users using a graphical user interface

Characteristics of a server
Receiver of request which is send by client is known as server
Passive (slave)
Waits for requests from clients
Upon receipt of requests, processes them and then serves replies
Usually accepts connections from a large number of clients
Typically does not interact directly with end-users